Malignant mesothelioma
- Description
- Stage Explanation
- Treatment
Option Overview
- Localized
Malignant Mesothelioma (stage I)
- Advanced
Malignant Mesothelioma (stages Ii, Iii, And Iv)
- Recurrent
Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer, is a disease
in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the sac lining the chest (the
pleura) or abdomen (the peritoneum). Most people with malignant mesothelioma
have worked on jobs where they breathed asbestos.
A doctor should be seen if a person has shortness of
breath, pain in the chest, or pain or swelling in the abdomen. If there are
symptoms, the doctor may order an x-ray of the chest or abdomen.
The doctor may look inside the chest cavity with a
special instrument called a thoracoscope. A cut will be made through the chest
wall and the thoracoscope will be put into the chest between two ribs. This
test, called thoracoscopy, is usually done in the hospital. Before the test,
the patient will be given a local anesthetic (a drug that causes a loss of
feeling for a short period of time). Some pressure may be felt, but usually
there is no pain.
The doctor may also look inside the abdomen (peritoneoscopy)
with a special tool called a peritoneoscope. The peritoneoscope is put into an
opening made in the abdomen. This test is also usually done in the hospital.
Before the test is done, a local anesthetic will be given.
If tissue that is not normal is found, the doctor will
need to cut out a small piece and have it looked at under a microscope to see
if there are any cancer cells. This is called a biopsy. Biopsies are usually
done during the thoracoscopy or peritoneoscopy.
The chance of recovery (prognosis) depends on the size
of the cancer, where the cancer is, how far the cancer has spread, how the
cancer cells look under the microscope, how the cancer responds to treatment,
and the patient's age.
Once malignant mesothelioma is found, more tests will be
done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. This
is called staging. A doctor needs to know the stage of the cancer to plan
treatment. The following stages are used for malignant mesothelioma.
Stage I: The cancer is found in the lining of the chest
cavity near the lung and heart or in the diaphragm or the lung.
Stage II: The cancer has spread beyond the lining of the
chest to lymph nodes in the chest.
Stage III: Cancer has spread into the chest wall, center
of the chest, heart, through the diaphragm, or abdominal lining, and in some
cases into nearby lymph nodes.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs or
tissues.
Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back
(recurred) after it has been treated. It may come back in the lining of the
chest or abdomen or in another part of the body.
There are treatments for all patients with malignant
mesothelioma. Three kinds of treatment are used:
- surgery (taking out the cancer)
- radiation therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other
high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
- chemotherapy (using drugs to fight the cancer)
Surgery is a common treatment of malignant mesothelioma.
The doctor may remove part of the lining of the chest or abdomen and some of
the tissue around it. Depending on how far the cancer has spread, a lung also
may be removed in an operation called a pneumonectomy. Sometimes part of the
diaphragm, the muscle below the lungs that helps with breathing, is also
removed.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill cancer
cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body
(external radiation therapy) or from putting materials that produce radiation
(radioisotopes) through thin plastic tubes in the area where the cancer cells
are found (internal radiation therapy).
If fluid has collected in the chest or abdomen, the
doctor may drain the fluid out of the body by putting a needle into the chest
or abdomen and using gentle suction to remove the fluid. If fluid is removed
from the chest, this is called thoracentesis. If fluid is removed from the
abdomen, this is called paracentesis. The doctor may also put drugs through a
tube into the chest to prevent more fluid from accumulating.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy may be taken by pill, or it may be put into the body by a needle
in the vein or muscle. Chemotherapy is called a systemic treatment because the
drug enters the bloodstream, travels through the body, and can kill cancer
cells throughout the body. In mesothelioma, chemotherapy may be put directly
into the chest (intrapleural chemotherapy).
Intraoperative photodynamic therapy is a new type of
treatment that uses special drugs and light to kill cancer cells during
surgery. A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to light is injected
into a vein several days before surgery. During surgery to remove as much of
the cancer as possible, a special light is used to shine on the pleura. This
treatment is being studied for early stages of mesothelioma in the chest.
Treatment depends on where the cancer is, how far it has
spread, and the patient's age and general health.
Standard treatment may be considered because of its
effectiveness in patients in past studies, or participation in a clinical
trial may be considered. Not all patients are cured with standard therapy and
some standard treatments may have more side effects than are desired. For
these reasons, clinical trials are designed to find better ways to treat
cancer patients and are based on the most up-to-date information. Clinical
trials are ongoing in many parts of the country for many patients with
malignant mesothelioma. To learn more about clinical trials, call the Cancer
Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237); TTY at 1-800-332-8615.
If the cancer is only in one place in the chest or abdomen,
treatment will probably be surgery to remove part of the pleura and some of
the tissue around it.
If the cancer is found in a larger part of the pleura,
treatment may be one of the following:
- 1. Surgery to remove the pleura and the tissue
near it to relieve symptoms, with or without radiation therapy after
surgery.
2. Surgery to remove sections of the pleura, the lung, part of the
diaphragm, and part of the lining around the heart.
3. External beam radiation therapy to relieve symptoms.
4. A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy given
inside the chest.
5. A clinical trial of surgery, radiation therapy, and/or
chemotherapy.
Treatment may be one of the following:
- 1. Draining of fluid in the chest or abdomen (thoracentesis
or paracentesis) to reduce discomfort. Drugs also may be put into the
chest or abdomen to prevent further collection of fluid.
2. Surgery to relieve symptoms.
3. Radiation therapy to relieve symptoms.
4. Chemotherapy.
5. A clinical trial of surgery, radiation therapy, and
chemotherapy.
6. Chemotherapy given in the chest or abdomen.
Treatment depends on many factors, including where the
cancer came back and what treatment the patient received before. Clinical
trials are testing new treatments.
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